Lactobacilli reduce recurrences of vaginal candidiasis in pregnant women: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

AIMS: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of lactobacilli strains in preventing the recurrences of vaginal candidiasis (VC) in 78 pregnant women with VC (lactobacilli, n = 39; placebo, n = 39) and the potential benefits on quality of life. METHODS AND RESULTS: The lactobacilli putative probiotic (SynForU-HerCare; two capsules/day of 9·5 log CFU per capsule) or placebo was administered for 8-weeks in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Subjects were assessed for vaginal and gut health conditions at baseline, week-4 and week-8 via questionnaires. The vulvovaginal symptom questionnaire not only covered aspects pertaining to vulvovaginal symptoms but also the quality of life impacts such as emotional, social and sexual. The administration of lactobacilli reduced symptoms of irritation (P = 0·023) and discharge (P = 0·011) starting week-4 and continued after week-8 (P < 0·05), accompanied by reduced symptoms for burning after week-8 (P = 0·046) as compared to the placebo. Patients consuming lactobacilli also showed reduced concern about symptoms after week-4 (P = 0·010) and continued after week-8 (P = 0·001), accompanied by reduced impairment of daily activities attributed to vulvovaginal symptoms (P = 0·012) and continued after week-8 (P = 0·026). Insignificant differences were observed for sexual impacts between treatment groups. The administration of lactobacilli also reduced recurrences of both emotional and social stress as compared to the placebo at both week-4 and week-8 (P < 0·05). Patients consuming lactobacilli showed higher defecation times per week at week-4 (P = 0·010) and week-8 (P = 0·001) as compared to the placebo group, indicating the potential to reduce risks of pregnancy-induced constipation. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacilli probiotics are beneficial towards pregnant women, especially in reducing vulvovaginal symptoms and recurrences of VC, accompanied by improved emotional and social distress attributed to VC. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study demonstrated the preventive and modulatory roles of lactobacilli strains against VC in pregnant women. Taken altogether, our present data illustrated that lactobacilli probiotics are beneficial towards pregnant women, especially in reducing vulvovaginal symptoms and recurrences of VC, accompanied by improved emotional and social distress attributed to VC, thus could be a potential strategy for the maintenance of vaginal health during pregnancy.

The Relative and Interactive Effects of Actual and Perceived Gambling Exposure on Gambling Behaviour.

Actual and perceptual measures of gambling exposure are important predictors of problem gambling. This study used Zero-Inflated Poisson regression analyses to assess the relative and interactive effects of actual and perceived exposure on problem gambling risk and severity. Data from the 2008 and 2009 Social and Economic Impacts of Gambling in Alberta surveys indicated actual exposure was significantly associated with problem gambling risk while perceived exposure was significantly associated with problem gambling severity. These associations differ for gamblers from emerging and mature areas. Further, actual and perceived exposure had significant interaction effects on problem gambling severity but not on risk. Implications from these findings suggest that the prevalence of problem gambling could be reduced by restrictions on gambling opportunities.

The molecular mechanisms of probiotic strains in improving ageing bone and muscle of d-galactose-induced ageing rats.

AIM: The aim of this study was to evaluate the molecular mechanisms of Lactobacillus strains in improving ageing of the musculoskeletal system. METHODS AND RESULTS: The anti-ageing mechanism of three probiotics strains Lactobacillus fermentum DR9, Lactobacillus paracasei OFS 0291 and L. helveticus OFS 1515 were evaluated on gastrocnemius muscle and tibia of d-galactose-induced ageing rats. Upon senescence induction, aged rats demonstrated reduced antioxidative genes CAT and SOD expression in both bone and muscle compared to the young rats (P < 0·05). Strain L. fermentum DR9 demonstrated improved expression of SOD in bone and muscle compared to the aged rats (P < 0·05). In the evaluation of myogenesis-related genes, L. paracasei OFS 0291 and L. fermentum DR9 increased the mRNA expression of IGF-1; L. helveticus OFS 1515 and L. fermentum DR9 reduced the expression of MyoD, in contrast to the aged controls (P < 0·05). Protective effects of L. fermentum DR9 on ageing muscle were believed to be contributed by increased AMPK-α2 expression. Among the osteoclastogenesis genes studied, TNF-α expression was highly elevated in tibia of aged rats, while all three probiotics strains ameliorated the expression. Lactobacillus fermentum DR9 also reduced the expression of IL-6 and TRAP in tibia when compared to the aged rats (P < 0·05). All probiotics treatment resulted in declined proinflammatory cytokines IL-1ß in muscle and bone. CONCLUSIONS: Lactobacillus fermentum DR9 appeared to be the strongest strain in modulation of musculoskeletal health during ageing. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: The study demonstrated the protective effects of the bacteria on muscle and bone through antioxidative and anti-inflammatory actions. Therefore, L. fermentum DR9 may serve as a promising targeted anti-ageing therapy.

A Composite Measure of Gambling Exposure: Availability, Accessibility or Both?

Measures of availability and accessibility are often used separately or interchangeably to assess gambling exposure. This study examined the advantages of assessing gambling exposure using availability, accessibility, and a composite measure. Logistic and poisson regression analyses were used to determine the relative importance of these measures in predicting problem gambling using data from the 2008 and 2009 Social and Economic Impacts of Gambling in Alberta (SEIGA) surveys. The composite measure of gambling exposure predicted both the risk and severity of problem gambling better than the availability or accessibility measures alone. These results demonstrate that individual differences in problem gambling are better predicted by a composite measure of exposure.

GENIPAC: A Genomic Information Portal for Head and Neck Cancer Cell Systems.

Head and neck cancer (HNC)-derived cell lines represent fundamental models for studying the biological mechanisms underlying cancer development and precision therapies. However, mining the genomic information of HNC cells from available databases requires knowledge on bioinformatics and computational skill sets. Here, we developed a user-friendly web resource for exploring, visualizing, and analyzing genomics information of commonly used HNC cell lines. We populated the current version of GENIPAC with 44 HNC cell lines from 3 studies: ORL Series, OPC-22, and H Series. Specifically, the mRNA expressions for all the 3 studies were derived with RNA-seq. The copy number alterations analysis of ORL Series was performed on the Genome Wide Human Cytoscan HD array, while copy number alterations for OPC-22 were derived from whole exome sequencing. Mutations from ORL Series and H Series were derived from RNA-seq information, while OPC-22 was based on whole exome sequencing. All genomic information was preprocessed with customized scripts and underwent data validation and correction through data set validator tools provided by cBioPortal. The clinical and genomic information of 44 HNC cell lines are easily assessable in GENIPAC. The functional utility of GENIPAC was demonstrated with some of the genomic alterations that are commonly reported in HNC, such as TP53, EGFR, CCND1, and PIK3CA. We showed that these genomic alterations as reported in The Cancer Genome Atlas database were recapitulated in the HNC cell lines in GENIPAC. Importantly, genomic alterations within pathways could be simultaneously visualized. We developed GENIPAC to create access to genomic information on HNC cell lines. This cancer omics initiative will help the research community to accelerate better understanding of HNC and the development of new precision therapeutic options for HNC treatment. GENIPAC is freely available at http://genipac.cancerresearch.my/ .

High fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product to fibrinogen ratio is associated with 28-day mortality and massive transfusion in severe trauma.

PURPOSE: There is a lack of association between coagulation biomarkers and long-term mortality in severe trauma. We aimed to investigate the association between coagulation biomarkers on admission and outcome of late stage of trauma. METHODS: This retrospective observational study included patients admitted with severe trauma between 2012 and 2015. We used the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of coagulation biomarkers to determine 28-day mortality. Head Abbreviated Injury Scale scores greater than 3 were defined as traumatic brain injury (TBI). The primary outcome was 28-day mortality and the secondary outcome was massive transfusion. RESULTS: Of the 1266 patients included in the study, 28-day mortality rate was 19.7% (n = 249) and 7.9% (n = 100) of patients received massive transfusion. The AUROC of fibrin/fibrinogen degradation product (FDP) to fibrinogen ratio had a significantly higher prognostic performance than other markers. Multivariate analysis revealed that D-dimer level [odds ratio (OR) 1.033; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.016-1.051] and FDP/fibrinogen ratio (OR 1.007; 95% CI 1.001-1.013) were independently associated with 28-day mortality. D-dimer (OR 1.028; 95% CI 1.003-1.055) and FDP/fibrinogen ratio (OR 1.035; 95% CI 1.012-1.058) were associated with 28-day mortality in the TBI group. In the non-TBI group, D-dimer was associated with 28-day mortality (OR 1.033; 95% CI 1.008-1.059), but the FDP/fibrinogen ratio was not. FDP/fibrinogen ratio, not D-dimer level, was an independent predictor for massive transfusion (OR 1.005; 95% CI 1.001-1.010). CONCLUSIONS: High FDP/fibrinogen ratio on arrival is a predictor of 28-day mortality and the requirement for massive transfusion in severe trauma.

Performance of the simplified acute physiology score III in acute organophosphate poisoning: A retrospective observational study.

The performances of acute physiology and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II and simplified acute physiology score (SAPS) II have previously been evaluated in acute organophosphate poisoning. We aimed to compare the performance of the SAPS III with those of the APACHE II and SAPS II, as well as to identify the best tool for predicting case fatality using the standardized mortality ratios (SMRs) in acute organophosphate poisoning. A retrospective analysis of organophosphate poisoning was conducted. The APACHE II, SAPS II, and SAPS III were calculated within 24 h of admission. Discrimination was evaluated by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC). The SMRs were calculated as 95% confidence intervals (CIs). In total, 100 cases of organophosphate poisoning were included. The in-hospital case fatality was 19%. The median scores of the APACHE II, SAPS II, and SAPS III were 20.0 (10.0-27.0), 41.0 (28.0-54.8), and 53.0 (36.3-68.8), respectively. The AUROCs were not significantly different among the APACHE II (0.815; 95% CI, 0.712-0.919), SAPS II (0.820; 95% CI, 0.719-0.912), and SAPS III (0.850; 95% CI, 0.763-0.936). Based on these scores and in-hospital case fatality, the SMRs for the APACHE II, SAPS II, and SAPS III were 1.01 (95% CI, 0.50-2.72), 1.01 (95% CI, 0.54 -2.78), and 0.98 (95% CI, 0.33-1.99), respectively. The SAPS III provided a good discrimination and satisfactory calibration in acute organophosphate poisoning. It was therefore a useful tool in predicting case fatality in acute organophosphate poisoning, similar to the APACHE II and SAPS II.

Comparison of benzene and toluene photodegradation under visible light irradiation by Ba-doped BiFeO3 magnetic nanoparticles with fast sonochemical synthesis.

Bi1-xBaxFeO3 (x = 0.02, 0.04 and 0.07) multiferroic materials with a diameter in the range of 30-40 nm were controllably synthesized by a facile ultrasonic method, with a very short reaction time of 5 min at a low temperature of 30 °C, and the resulting BiFeO3 magnetic nanoparticles (BFO MNPs) exhibited enhanced magnetic and photocatalytic performance. The substitution of Ba2+ ions for Bi3+ ions at the A-site of BFO MNPs, even at only 2%, decreased their particle size and distorted the lattice in the rhombohedral structure of BFO MNPs. Increasing the Ba doping to 7% greatly increased the ferromagnetic properties of BFO MNPs from 3.55 to 6.09 emu g-1. In comparison with pure BFO MNPs, 7% Ba substitution in the Ba-doped BFO MNP samples produced strong absorption in the visible light region, decreasing the band-gap energy from 2.11 to 1.86 eV. Photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy identified the band-gap emission for BFO MNPs at 587 nm, while for both pure and Ba-doped samples, the other emissions were attributed to the defect states related to oxygen deficiencies inside the band gap. After 50 min of visible light irradiation, Bi1-xBaxFeO3 (x = 7%), with the lowest band gap energy, highest magnetization and smallest particle size, showed almost complete photocatalytic degradation of toluene and benzene (100 mg L-1), with 91 and 81% reduction, respectively, in total organic carbon (TOC). For all irradiation times, the mineralization efficiency of toluene was higher than that of benzene, which demonstrated that toluene is more sensitive to photocatalytic oxidation than is benzene.

Effect of metabolic syndrome on the outcome of corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome.

Diffuse peripheral nerve impairment is common in metabolic syndrome: in patients with metabolic syndrome and carpal tunnel syndrome this might affect the outcome of treatment by local corticosteroid injection. A total of 55 consecutive patients with carpal tunnel syndrome and metabolic syndrome treated with corticosteroid injection (10 mg triamcinolone acetonide) were age and sex matched with 55 control patients without metabolic syndrome. Grip strength, perception of touch with Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaires were assessed at the baseline and at 6, 12 and 24 weeks follow-up. The two groups had similar pre-operative grip strength and Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire scores. The Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire symptom and function scores of the metabolic syndrome group were significantly greater than the control group at 12 and 24 weeks follow-up. Except for significantly greater grip strength at the 12-week follow-up in the control group, there were no significant differences in grip strength between the groups. Semmes-Weinstein monofilament sensory index for the control group was significantly greater than that of the metabolic syndrome group throughout the 24-week follow-up. After 24 weeks, five patients (13%) in the control group and 13 patients (27%) in the metabolic syndrome group had had carpal tunnel surgery. Patients with metabolic syndrome are at risk for poor functional outcome and failure of treatment after corticosteroid injection for carpal tunnel syndrome. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Treatment benefits III.

Cold plasma inactivation of chronic wound bacteria.

Cold plasma is partly ionized non-thermal plasma generated at atmospheric pressure. It has been recognized as an alternative approach in medicine for sterilization of wounds, promotion of wound healing, topical treatment of skin diseases with microbial involvement and treatment of cancer. Cold plasma used in wound therapy inhibits microbes in chronic wound due to its antiseptic effects, while promoting healing by stimulation of cell proliferation and migration of wound relating skin cells. In this study, two types of plasma systems are employed to generate cold plasma: a parallel plate dielectric barrier discharge and a capillary-guided corona discharge. Parameters such as applied voltage, discharge frequency, treatment time and the flow of the carrier gas influence the cold plasma chemistry and therefore change the composition and concentration of plasma species that react with the target sample. Chronic wound that fails to heal often infected by multidrug resistant organisms makes them recalcitrant to healing. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) are two common bacteria in infected and clinically non-infected wounds. The efficacies of the cold plasma generated by the two designs on the inactivation of three different isolates of MRSA and four isolates of P. aeruginosa are reported here.

Arterial pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide, and central venous oxygen saturation in reflecting compression depth.

BACKGROUND: We sought to investigate the utility of arterial pressure, end-tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2 ), and central venous oxygen saturation (SCVO2 ) to guide compression depth adjustment. Thus, in a pig model of cardiac arrest, we observed these parameters during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) with optimal and suboptimal compression depths. METHODS: Sixteen pigs underwent three experimental sessions after induction of ventricular fibrillation. First, the animals received two 4-min CPR trials with either optimal (20% of the anteroposterior diameter) or suboptimal (70% of the optimal depth) compression depth. Second, the animals received two 5-min CPR trials with optimal compression depth, in which adrenaline (0.02 mg/kg) or saline placebo was administered. Third, the animals randomly received compression with either optimal or suboptimal depth during advanced cardiovascular life support. RESULTS: The systolic arterial pressure reflected compression depth most accurately and immediately (area under the curve [AUC], 0.895-0.939 without adrenaline and 0.928-1.000 with adrenaline). Although the response of ETCO2 to the change in compression depth was 0.5 min slower than that of the systolic arterial pressure, the performance of ETCO2 was comparable with that of systolic arterial pressure. SCVO2 did not reflect compression depth. Adrenaline administration remarkably increased systolic arterial pressure, diastolic arterial pressure, and coronary perfusion pressure but did not affect the ETCO2 readings. CONCLUSION: In a pig model of cardiac arrest, systolic arterial pressure reflected compression depth immediately and accurately. The performance of ETCO2 was comparable with that of systolic arterial pressure. SCVO2 did not reflect compression depth.

Verification of endotracheal tube placement using electrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the endotracheal tube cuff.

BACKGROUND: Current methods for verification of endotracheal intubation can fail, particularly in emergency settings. We investigated whether a verification method using electrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the endotracheal tube cuff could distinguish endotracheal and esophageal intubations in an experimental setting. METHODS: During three sequential sessions simulating emergency intubation without paralysis, rapid sequence intubation (RSI) with neuromuscular blockade, and intubation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation, eight pigs were intubated with an endotracheal tube fitted with two electrodes exposed on the cuff of the tube, first in the esophagus and next in the trachea or in reverse sequence. Cuff pressure was monitored during a 5-s electrical stimulation (20 mA, 80 Hz, 500 µs), and delta pressure was calculated as the difference between baseline cuff pressure and maximum cuff pressure during the electrical stimulation. RESULTS: Delta pressure was significantly higher in esophageal than in tracheal placements in all three sequential sessions (86.0 [78.3-89.7] vs. 6.5 [2.0-7.9] mmHg, P = 0.001; 16.6 [13.2-22.8] vs. 0.8 [0.3-2.6] mmHg, P = 0.004; 66.1 [60.0-84.7] vs. 2.7 [0.7-9.7] mmHg, P = 0.001). The delta pressure did not overlap between tracheal and esophageal intubations except for the session simulating RSI with neuromuscular blockade, in which one of eight esophageal placements showed a delta pressure within the delta pressure range of tracheal placements. CONCLUSION: Electrical stimulation through electrodes placed on the endotracheal tube cuff produced remarkably greater increases in cuff pressure in esophageal intubations than in tracheal intubations in an experimental setting.

Maternal polycystic ovary syndrome and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in the offspring: a population-based nationwide study in Sweden.

Although many studies indicate the interplay of genetic and environmental factors in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), our limited understanding of the underlying mechanisms hampers the development of effective ways of detecting and preventing the disorder. Recent studies support the hypothesis that prenatal androgen exposure contributes to the development of ASD. This would suggest that maternal polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), a condition associated with excess androgens, would increase the risk of ASD in the offspring. We conducted a matched case-control study nested within the total population of Sweden (children aged 4-17 who were born in Sweden from 1984 to 2007). The sample consisted of 23 748 ASD cases and 208 796 controls, matched by birth month and year, sex and region of birth. PCOS and ASD were defined from ICD codes through linkage to health-care registers. Maternal PCOS increased the odds of ASD in the offspring by 59%, after adjustment for confounders (odds ratio (OR) 1.59, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.34-1.88). The odds of offspring ASD were further increased among mothers with both PCOS and obesity, a condition common to PCOS that is related to more severe hyperandrogenemia (OR 2.13, 95% CI 1.46-3.10). Risk estimates did not differ between sexes. In conclusion, children of women with PCOS appear to have a higher risk of developing ASD. This finding awaits confirmation, and exploration of potentially underlying mechanisms, including the role of sex steroids in the etiology of ASD.

Peroxiredoxin II promotes hepatic tumorigenesis through cooperation with Ras/Forkhead box M1 signaling pathway.

The current study was carried out to define the involvement of Peroxiredoxin (Prx) II in progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and the underlying molecular mechanism(s). Expression and function of Prx II in HCC was determined using H-ras(G12V)-transformed HCC cells (H-ras(G12V)-HCC cells) and the tumor livers from H-ras(G12V)-transgenic (Tg) mice and HCC patients. Prx II was upregulated in H-ras(G12V)-HCC cells and H-ras(G12V)-Tg mouse tumor livers, the expression pattern of which highly similar to that of forkhead Box M1 (FoxM1). Moreover, either knockdown of FoxM1 or site-directed mutagenesis of FoxM1-binding site of Prx II promoter significantly reduced Prx II levels in H-ras(G12V)-HCC cells, indicating FoxM1 as a direct transcription factor of Prx II in HCC. Interestingly, the null mutation of Prx II markedly decreased the number and size of tumors in H-ras(G12V)-Tg livers. Consistent with this, knockdown of Prx II in H-ras(G12V)-HCC cells reduced the expression of cyclin D1, cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth and tumor formation in athymic nude mice, whereas overexpression of Prx II increased or aggravated the tumor phenotypes. Importantly, the expression of Prx II was correlated with that of FoxM1 in HCC patients. The activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) pathway and the expression of FoxM1 and cyclin D1 were highly dependent on Prx II in H-ras(G12V)-HCC cells and H-ras(G12V)-Tg livers. Prx II is FoxM1-dependently-expressed antioxidant in HCC and function as an enhancer of Ras(G12V) oncogenic potential in hepatic tumorigenesis through activation of ERK/FoxM1/cyclin D1 cascade.

Development of novel microsatellite markers for conservation genetic studies of Vulpes vulpes (Canidae) by using next-generation sequencing method.

The red fox, Vulpes vulpes (Canidae), is the most widely distributed terrestrial carnivore worldwide, but this species is classified as endangered in Korea. In this study, we developed 25 polymorphic microsatellite markers that included 3-13 (mean = 6.32) alleles per locus using 22 red fox individuals. The most polymorphic locus was FR(59)TG (13 alleles) and the least polymorphic loci were FR(70)TG and FR(182)AG (3 alleles each). No significant deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (P < 0.05) was observed for the 25 markers. Observed (HO) and expected (HE) heterozygosity varied from 0.182 to 1.000 and from 0.175 to 0.929, respectively. These newly developed microsatellite markers will be useful for investigating the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of V. vulpes and will aid in developing conservation strategies for this species.

Serial transrectal ultrasonography for monitoring the reproductive activity of the Asiatic black bear (Ursus thibetanus ussuricus).

This study evaluated the structural changes in the reproductive tract of Asiatic black bears using serial transrectal ultrasonography. In addition, the ultrasonographic observations were compared with the results of vaginal cytology and hormonal analyses. The collection of blood for hormonal analysis, vaginal cytology and transrectal ultrasonography was performed in two bears (Bears 1 and 2) from June 2011 to August 2013 without mating and in a third bear (Bear 3) from April to December 2012, allowing natural mating. Serial ultrasonographic observations showed cyclic changes in ovarian structures (e.g. emergence of small follicles, growth and ovulation of dominant follicles and corpus luteum (CL) formation) during the reproductive cycles of the three bears. The diameter of the uterine horns remained similar throughout the reproductive cycle in Bears 1 and 2, and it remained similar from April until October, but an enlargement containing foetuses was observed in Bear 3 in December. The ultrasonographic observations were consistent with the data obtained through vaginal cytology and progesterone analysis during the reproductive cycle. An average of 4.0 (±0.4) dominant follicles was observed during the oestrous stage (May-August), during which the superficial cells accounted for >90% of the total vaginal cells. In addition, the detection of an average of 2.6 (±0.2) CL was associated with increased plasma progesterone concentrations (3.0 ± 0.4 ng/ml) between June and December (near hibernation). In conclusion, serial transrectal ultrasonography demonstrated yearly oestrous (ovulation) cycles via follicular dynamics and CL formation on ovaries, accordingly with vaginal cytology and hormonal level in the Asiatic black bear.

A positive association between stroke risk and sarcopenia in men aged ≥ 50 years, but not women: results from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2008-2010.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Sarcopenia, the loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength, develops with aging and may be a pivotal risk factor in individual cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). We examined whether sarcopenia was positively associated with the prevalence of CVDs, including angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, and stroke, in adults of each gender aged ≥50 years, independent of other covariates and possible confounders. METHODS AND RESULTS: This cross-sectional study included 3,009 men and 4,199 women aged ≥550 years who participated in the 2008-2010 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Sarcopenia was defined as appendicular skeletal muscle mass/body weight <1 (moderate) or 2 (severe) standard deviations below gender-specific means for young adults. CVD prevalence was positively associated with sarcopenia in men after adjusting for confounders involved in CVD risk factors (Class I, OR=1.847 and Class II, OR=2.347; P<0.05). However, no such association was found in women. Furthermore, for individual CVDs, a strong positive association between stroke and sarcopenia (Class I, OR=1.734 and Class II, OR=3.725; P<0.05) and a moderate association between angina pectoris and sarcopenia (Class I, OR=1.988 and Class II, OR=1.347; P<0.05) were observed in men only. Interestingly, only the estimated homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance was greater in men with moderate and severe sarcopenia than in those with normal states, whereas only serum total cholesterol levels were significantly higher in women with severe sarcopenia than in those with normal states. In both genders, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly lower in moderate and severe sarcopenic states. CONCLUSIONS: men aged ≥50 years with sarcopenia showed elevated prevalence of CVDs, especially stroke, in a representative sample of the general South Korean population.